Uptake of paralytic shellfish poisoning and spirolide toxins by paddle crabs (Ovalipes catharus) via a bivalve vector |
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| Authors: | Rozalind Jester Lesley Rhodes Veronica Beuzenberg |
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| Institution: | 1. Ocean Science Department, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;2. Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand;1. Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;2. Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #3A1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA;3. Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA;4. Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #3A1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA;5. Natural Products Library Initiative, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #3A1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA;1. Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Vigo, E-36200 Vigo, Spain;2. Centro de Estudios del Cuaternario de Fuego-Patagonia y Antártica (Fundación CEQUA, CONICYT-REGIONAL), 21 de mayo 1690, P.O. Box 737, Punta Arenas, Chile;1. Intecmar (Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control Do Medio Mariño de Galicia), Peirao de Vilaxoán S/n, Vilagarcía de Arousa, 36611, Pontevedra, Spain;2. Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Pedras de Corón S/n, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain;1. Mote Marine Laboratory, Fisheries Ecology and Enhancement Program, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, 34236, United States;2. Pitzer College, Keck Science Department, 925 N Mills Avenue, Claremont, CA, 91711, United States;3. Mote Marine Laboratory, Phytoplankton Ecology Program, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, 34236, United States;4. Mote Marine Laboratory, Ecotoxicology Program, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, 34236, United States;1. Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation;2. Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02660 Kiev, Ukraine |
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| Abstract: | The uptake of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins and spirolides by the paddle crab (Ovalipes catharus) was investigated in two laboratory feeding trials using Greenshell? mussels (Perna canaliculus), which had been fed toxic strains of either Alexandrium catenella or A. ostenfeldii, as a vector. Toxin uptake by crabs occurred in both feeding trials and was limited to the visceral tissue; no toxins were detected in the body meat or the gills. The first trial utilized a strain of A. catenella that had high total PSP toxin content, 442.3 ± 91.6 fmol/cell, that was dominated by low toxicity N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins resulting in a low cellular toxicity, 5.5 ± 1.6 pg STXequiv./cell. In this trial, toxin accumulation in the crabs was highly variable and ranged from 3.8 to 221.5 μg STXequiv./100 g, with 3/4 of the crabs exceeding the regulatory limit of 80 μg STXequiv./100 g. Eight days after feeding on toxic mussels the crabs still retained high levels of toxin suggesting that depuration rates in this species may be slow. In the second feeding trial, the A. ostenfeldii strain fed to mussels produced low levels of both PSP toxins (52.0 ± 19.5 fmol/cell; 1.4 ± 0.3 pg STXequiv./cell) and spirolides (1.8 pg/cell) and, as a result, the concentration transferred to crabs via the mussels was very low-PSP toxins ranged from 2.5 to 6.8 μg STXequiv./100 g and spirolides from 6 to 7 μg/kg. The results of our study demonstrate that paddle crabs are capable of acquiring both PSP toxins and spirolides and suggest that this may occur in the wild during a toxic shellfish event. It also highlights the need to remove the viscera before consumption. |
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