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Monitoring,management, and mitigation of Karenia blooms in the eastern Gulf of Mexico
Authors:Cynthia A Heil  Karen A Steidinger
Institution:1. Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 Eighth Ave. S., St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States;2. Florida Institute of Oceanography, 830 First St. S.,St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States;1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD, United States;2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Coastal Management, Coral Reef Conservation Program, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States;3. University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, United Kingdom;4. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Response and Restoration, Assessment and Restoration Division, New York, NY, United States;5. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC, United States;1. Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. Postal 61, Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, 83255-976, Brazil;2. National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-14-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan;1. University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Seattle, WA, USA;2. Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA, USA;3. College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA;4. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, MS#21, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1050, USA
Abstract:Annual blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis in the eastern Gulf of Mexico represent one of the most predictable global harmful algal bloom (HAB) events, yet remain amongst the most difficult HABs to effectively monitor for human and environmental health. Monitoring of Karenia blooms is necessary for a variety of precautionary, management and predictive purposes. These include the protection of public health from exposure to aerosolized brevetoxins and the consumption of toxic shellfish, the protection and management of environmental resources, the prevention of bloom associated economic losses, and the evaluation of long term ecosystem trends and for potential future bloom forecasting and prediction purposes. The multipurpose nature of Karenia monitoring, the large areas over which blooms occur, the large range of Karenia cell concentrations (from 5 × 103 cells L?1 to >1 × 106 cells L?1) over which multiple bloom impacts are possible, and limitations in resources and knowledge of bloom ecology have complicated K. brevis monitoring, mitigation and management strategies. Historically, K. brevis blooms were informally and intermittently monitored on an event response basis in Florida, usually in the later bloom stages after impacts (e.g. fish kills, marine mammal mortalities, respiratory irritation) were noted and when resources were available. Monitoring of different K. brevis bloom stages remains the most practical method for predicting human health impacts and is currently accomplished by the state of Florida via direct microscopic counts of water samples from a state coordinated volunteer HAB monitoring program. K. brevis cell concentrations are mapped weekly and disseminated to stakeholders via e-mail, web and toll-free phone numbers and provided to Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS) for management of both recreational and commercial shellfish beds in Florida and to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for validation of the NOAA Gulf of Mexico HAB bulletin for provision to environmental managers. Many challenges remain for effective monitoring and management of Karenia blooms, however, including incorporating impact specific monitoring for the diverse array of potential human and environmental impacts associated with blooms, timely detection of offshore bloom initiation, sampling of the large geographic extent of blooms which often covers multiple state boundaries, and the involvement of multiple Karenia species other than K. brevis (several of which have yet to be isolated and described) with unknown toxin profiles. The implementation and integration of a diverse array of optical, molecular and hybrid Karenia detection technologies currently under development into appropriate regulatory and non-regulatory monitoring formats represents a further unique challenge.
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