Seasonality of Dinophysis spp. and Prorocentrum lima in Black Sea phytoplankton and associated shellfish toxicity |
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| Authors: | Steve L. Morton Alexander Vershinin Laurinda L. Smith Tod A. Leighfield Sergey Pankov Michael A. Quilliam |
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| Affiliation: | 1. NOAA-National Ocean Service, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA;2. P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, N. Maslovka 18-84, Moscow 127220, Russia;3. Marine Biotechnology Center at Bolshoy Utrish, Lenina 175-230, Anapa 353410, Russia;4. National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H3Z1 Canada;1. División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Argentina;2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina;3. Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;1. Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberg am Meer, Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung (DZMB), Südstrand 44, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;3. Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan;4. Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany;5. Japan International Cooperation Agency, Nibancho Center Building, Nibancho 5-25, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8012, Japan;6. School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;7. The Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia;1. Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;3. Waterschap Scheldestromen, PO Box 1000, 4330 ZW Middelburg, The Netherlands;1. University of North Carolina, Center of Marine Science, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA;2. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biol, College Stn, TX, 77843, USA;1. Alfred Wegener Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Chemische Ökologie, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;2. BrukerDaltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstr. 4, 28359 Bremen, Germany;3. Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Plankton surveys, between 2001 and 2005 along the Russian Caucasian Black Sea Coast, revealed Dinophysis rotundata, D. caudata and Prorocentrum lima as the most ubiquitous of the known dinoflagellates associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Dinophysis spp. were first observed during the spring phytoplankton succession and persist throughout the late summer phytoplankton peak. The highest total concentration, 3000 cells/L, of D. rotundata and D. caudata was observed in April 2001. Unlike Dinophysis, P. lima was rarely observed in plankton samples but closely followed storm events with maximum cell counts of P. lima occurred in July 2002.The presence of Dinophysis in mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) hepatopancreas correlated with concentration with Dinophysis observed in the plankton samples. Conversely, P. lima could be found in most hepatopancreas samples collected during the May to October period. Therefore, planktonic concentration of P. lima does not reflect its availability for and consumption by shellfish.Samples of mussel hepatopancreas, from August 2002, with a corresponding Dinophysis concentration of 250 cells/L and no observable P. lima, were found to contain 0.03 ng OAE/g. This sample analyses by LC-MS/MS displayed okadaic acid (OA) and related congeners (DTX1) along with the pectinotoxins (PTX2 and PTX2sa). Highest observed levels of P. lima-induced DSP-toxicity in hepatopancreas was 0.41 g OA-equivalents/g corresponded to the highest observed planktonic cell counts of P. lima, 300 cell/L in August 2001. Cultures isolated from this sample were found to produce OA, DTX1 and their related diol esters.These data reveal a threat, represented by DSP-toxic species, at Black Sea coasts, and provide grounds for the introduction of phycotoxin control measures in the region. |
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