The germination characteristics of Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae), a toxic dinoflagellate from the Fal estuary (UK) |
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| Authors: | Eva Pérez Blanco Jane Lewis John Aldridge |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Biosciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK;2. CEFAS Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK;1. Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia;2. Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia;3. Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Johor Branch, 85000 Segamat, Johor, Malaysia;4. Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia;5. Cawthron Institute, New Zealand;6. Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany;7. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;8. JHT, Inc., Orlando, FL, USA;9. Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China;10. Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia;1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;2. Program Sains Laut, Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi Selangor, Malaysia;3. Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malyasia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia;4. Aquatic Sciences Program, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia;5. IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, Department of Phycology and Mycology, Øster Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark;6. Institute of Oceanography and Maritime Studies, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia;7. Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA;1. Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;2. Ningbo Institute of Oceanography, Ningbo, 315832, China;1. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile;2. Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (Xunta de Galicia), Apto. 13, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain;3. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;1. Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil;2. Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates, Department of Molecular Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba – Campus I, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil;3. LEMAR CNRS UMR 6539, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IUEM, 29280 Plouzané, France;1. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, United States;2. School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia;3. University of Maryland College Park, Maryland Agricultural Extension, College Park, MD 20742, United States;4. DSM, 6480 Dobbin Rd., Columbia, MD 21045, United States |
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| Abstract: | The germination characteristics of Alexandrium minutum cysts from the Fal estuary were studied at different conditions of temperature (4–24 °C) and salinity (15–35‰) and in the dark and low light intensity (2 μmol?2 s?1). Sediment sub-samples were directly cultured and processed at the end of the experiment for counts of non-germinated cysts. A decrease in the number of cysts was interpreted as germination that was calculated by comparison of the number of cysts over time with that of initial counts. The 50% germination time (time at which 50% of the total initial number of cysts had germinated) was calculated for each condition. A. minutum did not germinate in the dark but it germinated under all other conditions studied. Highest germination occurred at salinities of 30 psu and 35 psu and temperatures from 8 °C to 24 °C (germination rate—expressed as the inverse of the 50% germination time: 1.1–1.2). Lowest germination occurred at 15 psu and 4 °C and 24 °C (germination rate: 3.9–3.8). However, little variation in germination rates occurred across the conditions studied. As these conditions represent those likely in the estuary it is probable that A. minutum cysts on the surface of the sediments represent a constant source of cells to the water column and sediment disturbance (revealing buried cysts) could rapidly inoculate the water column with vegetative cells. This data was used to develop a model for Alexandrium germination from coastal sediments. |
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