Cross-reactivity in rapid diagnostic tests between human malaria and zoonotic simian malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi infections |
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| Authors: | Satoru Kawai Makoto Hirai Kosuke Haruki Kazuyuki Tanabe Yuichi Chigusa |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Andhra Pradesh, India;2. Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Tropical and Communicable Diseases, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India;3. Ehrlich Laboratories, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India;1. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;2. Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;3. Jesselton Medical Centre, Kota Kinabalu, 88300, Sabah, Malaysia;4. Communicable Diseases Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Moulmein Road, 308433 Singapore, Singapore;5. State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China;6. Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore;1. Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;2. School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, 10300 Kerugoya, Kenya;3. Center for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya;4. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological and Life Sciences, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya;5. Vietnamese-German Centre for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi, Viet Nam;6. Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam;7. Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Congo |
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| Abstract: | Plasmodium knowlesi has a relatively broad host range extending to humans, in whom it causes zoonotic malaria. Recent studies have shown that human infection with P. knowlesi is widely distributed in forested areas of Southeast Asia. In the present study, we evaluated commercial rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for human malaria to assess their reactivity and sensitivity in detecting P. knowlesi parasites using blood samples obtained from infected monkeys. The blood samples were assayed using two commercial RDTs based on immunochromatographic assays: (i) the OptiMAL-IT, designed to detect parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) of both P. falciparum and other plasmodia, and (ii) the Entebe Malaria Cassette (MC), designed to detect P. falciparum-specific histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) and P. vivax-specific pLDH. Interestingly, when the P. knowlesi-infected blood samples were examined with the RDTs, OptiMAL test results were interpreted as falciparum malaria-positive, while Entebe MC test results were interpreted as vivax malaria-positive. The sensitivities of both tests in detecting P. knowlesi parasite were similar to those for P. falciparum and higher than P. vivax. Thus, commercial RDTs based on detection of pLDH should be used with great caution, and should not replace conventional microscopy in the diagnosis of suspected cases of P. knowlesi malaria. |
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| Keywords: | Plasmodium knowlesi Zoonotic malaria Rapid diagnostic test OptiMAL Entebe MC pLDH PfHRP2 |
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