Mega-environment investigation based on the GGE biplot and genotype selection for high essential oil yield in vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides L. Roberty)

The genotype and genotype-environment interaction (GEI) significantly differed in the current study, demonstrating that genotype-environment (G × E) interaction heavily influenced genotype yield output. A combined analysis of variance revealed that the genotype and G × E interaction had a significant difference for all eleven characters. Except for the traits Ch1, Ch3, Ch4, Ch5, Ch9, and Ch11, a significant variance was found for all eleven characters over the years, indicating that the environment significantly influenced traits performance. The quality of vetiver essential oil is also affected by genotypic and environmental factors. The GGE biplot model shows that genotypes have a significant G × E interaction, split between the first and second IPCA/interaction principal component axis. In all three contexts, the genotypes V1, V13, and V14 in the center of the biplot graph were determined to be stable. The traits CH1-vs-CH3, CH1-vs-Ch7, and Ch4-vs-CH9 indicated significantly substantial genetic correlations among economic traits over the years. The traits Ch3-vs-Ch4, Ch3-vs-Ch9, Ch4-vs-Ch9, and Ch5-vs-Ch6 were highly significant and positively correlated, but Ch1-vs-Ch11 and CH7-vs-CH9 were negatively related. E1 and E2 were linked together to form one group, and E3 and E4 were linked together. GGE biplot analysis for environment interrelationships V1 and V7 was highly stable and well-performing for essential oil yield from a polygon perspective. Genotypes V1, V7, V10, V11, and V12 are stable and desirable genotypes arrayed in a concentric circle near the center of an ideal genotype. The genotypes V 17, V 41, V 69, and V 70 showed good photosynthetic efficiency. These genotypes might be suitable for large-scale farming.