甘蓝型油菜与紫罗兰属间杂交的植物遗传学研究

为探索属间杂种的遗传特点以及改良甘蓝型油菜油分品质，进行了甘蓝型油菜和紫罗兰的属间杂交。杂交母本为甘蓝型油菜奥罗（Brassica napusL.cv.oro)。父本为紫罗兰（Motthiola incana(L.)R.Br.)。将授粉7d后的油菜子房切下，消毒后，培养了添加适当植物激素的MS培养基。从750个离体培养的油菜授粉子房中，获得了2粒成熟胚胎，其结籽率为0.26%。将胚胎取出，转接于MS培养基（添加2.0mg/L6-BA和0.1mg/LNAA），获得了丛生芽，将丛生芽分割为许多单芽，转接到新鲜培养基中，长成了22株小苗，杂种一代植株呈中间性，它的许多性状介于两个亲本之间，一些性状倾向母本，少数性状表现显著的超亲杂种优势，植株结实性差。杂种后代（F2）植株表现多样性，多数植株的性状倾向母本，能育。部分植株表现中间性，育性差，少数植株发育不良，不育，染色体研究表明，杂种一代植株为混倍体。在杂种体细胞中，许多细胞的染色体数为2n=26。为两个亲本的配子染色体数之和。杂种后代（F2）中，倾母植株的染色体数为2n=38。矮小植株的许多细胞具非整倍染色体数。如2n-1=37,2n 1=39。从杂种后代中获得了种子油分品质较好的植株，有可能用于油菜的品质育种。

Phytogenetic Studies on Intergeneric Hybridization Between Brassica napus and Matthiola incana

The intergeneric hybridization between Brassica napus L. cv. oro and Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. was carried out to study the phytogenetic peculiarities of the hybrid plants. In order to improve the oil quality of rape seed, ovaries of B. napus pollinated with pollen of M. incana, were cut off and inoculated onto MS media supplemented with various plant hormones at the 7th day after pollination. Two mature embryos were obtained from 750 pollinated ovaries cultured in vitro. The percentage of seed set was 0.26%. The mature embryos were transferred onto the MS media supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA, and a compound bud was produced later. The compound bud was then cut into a number of single buds, which were transferred onto fresh media. Twenty-two plantlets in vitro were developed from the above single buds. The hybrid plants (F 1) were basically intermediate between the two parents in many characters with a few showing hybrid vigor. The fertility of hybrid plants (F 1) was poor. Cytological studies revealed that the hybrid plants (F 1) were mixoploid in nature. The chromosome number of many somatic cells was 2n=26, which was the sum of the chromosome number of the two parents. The chromosome number of other somatic cells was 2n=38, similar to that of B. napus. The hybrid offspring (F 2) from the selfed hybrid plants (F 1) showed polymorphism. Among the hybrid offspring (F 2) some were nearly matroclinous and fertile, similar to B. napus, some others were intermediate between the two parents and less fertile, and a few were poorly developed and nearly infertile. From the hybrid offspring a few plants with improved seed-oil quality were obtained.