《生物多样性公约》获取与惠益分享议题国际谈判动态研究

1993年生效的《生物多样性公约》(CBD,the Convention on Biological Diversity)将获取与惠益分享(ABS,access and benefit sharing)作为其三大目标之一。2010年在CBD缔约方大会第10次会议(COP-10)上达成了《生物多样性公约关于遗传资源获取与公平和公正地分享其利用所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》(简称"《名古屋议定书》"),标志着获取与惠益分享议题取得了实质性进展。随后又组织召开了3次政府间委员会会议,《名古屋议定书》于2014年10月在韩国平昌召开COP-12期间生效,并在2014年10月13-17日召开了《名古屋议定书》缔约方大会第1次会议(COP/MOP-1)。本文系统总结和梳理了获取与惠益分享议题产生背景、关键议题争论的焦点、谈判历程和发展动态,深入分析了欧盟、非洲集团、瑞士等主要国家集团和非政府组织(NGOs)、工商界等非国家行为体(NSAs)在获取与惠益分享国际谈判中的立场、策略和作用,讨论了《名古屋议定书》对发展中国家和发达国家的利益体现、影响以及中国面临的挑战。

Dymatics of the issue of access and benefit sharing of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

Access and benefit sharing (ABS) is one of three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which entered into force in 1993.The adoption of the Nagoya Protocol by COP-10 of the CBD at Nagoya, Japan, on 29 October 2010, was a landmark decision in global governance of natural resources. COP-10 decided to establish the Open-ended Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Committee for the Nagoya Protocol (ICNP) to undertake the preparation necessary for COP/MOP-1. Its three meeting (ICNP-1, ICNP-2 and ICNP-3) has been held from 2011 to 2014 in Canada, India and Korea. It was proposed to be in force 90 days after the date when the fiftieth country or regional organization had ratified it. So it would enter into force during COP-12 and the COP/MOP-1 will be held at Pyeongchang, Korea, from 13 to 17 October 2014. The paper summarizes the background, the focus of key issues, negotiation process and dymatics of the issue of ABS, analyses positions, strategies and roles of the main groups of countries, such as EU, the Africa Group, Switzerland, and non-state actors, such as non government organization (NGOs) and other actors, discusses post-Nagoya the trend of the issue of ABS and the challenges faced to China.