越冬期测墒补灌对小麦耗水特性和光合有效辐射截获利用的影响

于2013—2014和2014—2015年两个小麦生长季进行田间试验,供试品种为‘济麦22’,设置5个处理,分别为W₀(全生育期不灌水)、W₁(越冬期不灌水,拔节期和开花期分别补灌至0～40 cm土层土壤相对含水量为65%和70%)、W₂(越冬期、拔节期和开花期分别补灌至土壤相对含水量为70%、65%和70%)、W₃(越冬期、拔节期和开花期分别补灌至土壤相对含水量为75%、65%和70%)和W₄(越冬期、拔节期和开花期均定量灌溉60 mm),研究越冬期测墒补灌对小麦耗水特性和光合有效辐射截获利用的影响.结果表明: 总灌水量及其占总耗水量的比例为W₄＞W₃＞W₂＞W₁＞W₀;土壤贮水消耗量占总耗水量的比例为W₀＞W₁、W₂＞W₃、W₄;总耗水量和开花至成熟期的耗水量均为W₄＞W₂、W₃＞W₁＞W₀.两生长季小麦开花后冠层光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率为W₄＞W₂、W₃＞W₁＞W₀,而花后冠层PAR反射率各处理间的表现与之相反.灌水处理中干物质净积累量为W₄处理最高,W₁处理最低.两生长季小麦越冬期0～40 cm土层土壤相对含水量补灌至70%的W₂处理籽粒产量仅低于定量灌溉的W₄处理,水分利用效率和灌溉效益最高,是本试验条件下节水高产的最优处理.

Effects of supplemental irrigation by measuring soil moisture on water consumption chara-cteristics and radiation utilization in wheat

Field experiments were conducted during 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 winter wheat growing seasons by using Jimai 22 as test material. Five treatments were designed: W₀(non-irrigation during growth season), W₁(non-irrigation at overwintering, but irrigated to 65% of field capacity (FC) at jointing and 70% of FC at anthesis in 0-40 cm soil layer), W₂(irrigated to 70% of FC at overwintering, 65% of FC at jointing and 70% of FC at anthesis in 0-40cm soil layer, respectively) and W₃(irrigated to 75% of FC at overwintering, 65% of FC at jointing and 70% of FC at anthesis in 0-40cm soil layer, respectively), W₄(irrigated 60 mm at overwintering, jointing and anthesis stages, respectively). The aim was to clarify the effects of supplemental irrigation on water consumption characteristics and photosynthetically active radiation utilization in wheat. Results showed that the total irrigation amount and its ratio to total water consumption in each treatment were ranked as W₄＞W₃＞W₂＞W₁＞W₀. However, the percentage of water consumption in soil to total water consumption was presented as W₀＞W₁, W₂＞W₃, W₄. The total water consumption, water consumption from anthesis to maturity were ranked as W₄＞W₂, W₃＞W₁＞W₀. The order of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) capture ratio was W₄＞W₂, W₃＞W₁＞W₀, but the order was contrary in PAR reflect ratio among the treatments. The net accumulation of dry matter was ranked as W₄＞W₂＞W₃＞W₁＞W₀ in the two growing seasons. During the two winter wheat growing seasons, the grain yield in W₂ was higher than in the other treatments, except W₄, but the irrigation efficiency and water use efficiency in W₂ were the highest. Concerning both the high-yield and high-water use efficiency in this experiment, the most appropriate irrigation regime was W₂ treatment.