氮水平对苹果叶片13C光合产物和15N向果实转移分配的影响

以6年生‘烟富3’/M26/平邑甜茶苹果为试材,采用C、N双标记技术,研究在果实膨大后期用不同尿素浓度水溶液(N 0%、0.6%、1.2%、1.8%、2.4%,分别用CK、N₁、N₂、N₃、N₄表示)涂抹果实周围20 cm范围内叶片对叶片¹³C同化能力及¹³C光合产物、¹⁵N向果实转移分配的影响.结果表明: 随着尿素浓度的增加,叶片的叶绿素含量、氮含量、光合速率、山梨醇和蔗糖含量、6-磷酸山梨醇脱氢酶(S6PDH)和蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)活性及¹³C同化能力均先升高后降低,均以1.8%尿素涂抹处理最高,清水对照最低.¹³C自留量(自身叶片+自身新梢)以清水对照最高,为81.6%,1.8%尿素涂抹处理最低,为63.5%.向外输出的¹³C光合产物主要分布在标记果实,其次是未标记多年生枝,未标记叶片最低.果实¹³C吸收量随着尿素浓度增加呈先升高后降低趋势,以1.8%尿素涂抹处理最高(1.21 mg·g^-1),清水对照最低(0.51 mg·g^-1);果实¹⁵N吸收量随着尿素浓度增加呈持续升高趋势.表明尿素水溶液叶施可不同程度地提高叶片光合产物和氮素向果实转移分配的能力,以1.8%尿素涂抹处理叶片光合产物向果实转移分配能力最强,同时避免了过多的氮素向果实的输入.

Effects of nitrogen application levels on translocation and distribution of 13C-photosynthate and 15N to fruit from leaves of apple tree

A field experiment was carried out in a six-year old ‘Fuji3’/M26/Malus hupehensis Rehd. apple with ¹⁵N and ¹³C labeled tracers, to understand ¹³C assimilation capability and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of ¹³C-photosynthate and ¹⁵N to fruit under different nitrogen application levels (urea 0%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 1.8%, 2.4%, CK, N₁, N₂, N₃, N₄, respectively) to smear the leaves within 20 cm around the fruit at late stage of fruit enlargement. The results showed that, with the increases of urea application, the chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, net photosynthetic rate, sorbitol and sucrose content, sorbitol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (S6PDH) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activities, ¹³C assimilation capability of leaves were first increased and then decreased, with the highest value in 1.8% urea smear treatment and the lowest value with the treatment of clear water. The ¹³C of self retention (self leaves and self branches) was the highest in clear water (81.6%) and the lowest in 1.8% urea smear treatment (63.5%). The ¹³C was mainly allocated to fruit, followed by unlabeled perennial branch, and the lowest in unlabeled leaves. With the increases of urea application, the ¹³C absorption of fruit was first increased and then decreased, with the highest value in 1.8% urea smear treatment (1.21 mg·g^-1) and the lowest value in clear water (0.51 mg·g^-1). The ¹⁵N absorption of fruit was enhanced with the increases of urea application. These results indicated that foliage application of urea solution improved translocation and distribution of leaf photosynthate and nitrogen to fruit with varying degrees, which was the highest in 1.8% urea smear treatment and could avoid excessive intake of nitrogen to fruit.