Complete Mitochondrial Genome and Phylogeny of Pleistocene Mammoth Mammuthus primigenius |
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| Authors: | Evgeny I Rogaev Evgeny I Rogaev Evgeny I Rogaev Evgeny I Rogaev Evgeny I Rogaev Evgeny I Rogaev |
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| Institution: | 1 Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America, 2 Laboratory of Molecular Brain Genetics, Research Center of Mental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 3 Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 4 Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 5 Research Center of Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 6 Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia, 7 Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America, 8 Serono Genetics Institute SA, Evry Cedex, France |
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| Abstract: | Phylogenetic relationships between the extinct woolly mammoth(Mammuthus primigenius), and the Asian(Elephas maximus) and African savanna(Loxodonta africana) elephants remain unresolved. Here, we report the sequence of the complete mitochondrial genome (16,842 base pairs) of a woolly mammoth extracted from permafrost-preserved remains from the Pleistocene epoch—the oldest mitochondrial genome sequence determined to date. We demonstrate that well-preserved mitochondrial genome fragments, as long as ~1,600–1700 base pairs, can be retrieved from pre-Holocene remains of an extinct species. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Elephantinae clade suggests thatM. primigenius andE. maximus are sister species that diverged soon after their common ancestor split from theL. africana lineage. Low nucleotide diversity found between independently determined mitochondrial genomic sequences of woolly mammoths separated geographically and in time suggests that north-eastern Siberia was occupied by a relatively homogeneous population ofM. primigenius throughout the late Pleistocene. |
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