Understanding agricultural virtual water flows in the world from an economic perspective: A long term study |
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| Institution: | 1. National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan;2. School of Environmental Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China;3. Key Lab on Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;4. National Institute for Material Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan;1. School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;2. School of Business and Economics, Linnaeus University, Kalmar 392 34, Sweden;3. Tongren Polytechnic College, Tongren 554300, China;1. School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, China;2. Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, United States;3. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, United States |
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| Abstract: | The globalization process of the last half century entailed a growing trade in agricultural and food products. As a result, water has been transferred among countries, embodied in these goods. This paper studies the evolution of virtual water flows over the long term, analyzing the main driving factors through Decomposition Analysis. It contributes to the existing literature by offering a dynamic and economic interpretation of the historical changes in virtual water trade flows. In particular, this study points to a gradual increase in virtual water exchange, related to the upsurge of agricultural and food products trade in the world from 1965 to 2010. Although the origins and destinations of virtual water have changed, North America stands out as the primary net exporter of virtual water. Europe and Asia, on the other hand, with a high dependency on foreign water resources, appear as net importers of virtual water. Despite improvements in agricultural yields and the reallocation of production, the virtual water trade continues to increase globally via these significant commercial exchanges. |
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| Keywords: | Virtual water trade Water consumption Globalization and environment |
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