A review of toxicity testing protocols and endpoints with Artemia spp. |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca’ Foscari Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Venice, Italy;2. Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council (CNR IAMC), Via Roma 3, 74100 Taranto, Italy;3. Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy;4. Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via Vitaliano Brancati 60, 00144 Rome, Italy;5. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy;1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy;2. Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Aziendali e Statistiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 13, 90128 Palermo, Italy;1. The BioMEMS Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia;2. Laboratory for Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;3. MicroBioTests Inc. Mariakerke (Ghent), Belgium;4. Ecotoxicology Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia;5. Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia;6. Centre for Additive Manufacturing, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia;1. Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;2. Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India;1. Instituto de Ciências do Mar, LABOMAR/UFC, 60165-081 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil;2. Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;1. Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol 299011, Ukraine;2. MLR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments, Institute of Mineral Resources, Beijing 100037, China |
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| Abstract: | Artemia spp. is an historically popular biological model still requiring an official internationally based standardization. Several endpoints are currently available. Short-term acute endpoints include biomarker (acetylcholinesterase; heat stress proteins; lipid peroxidation; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; thioredoxin reductase; glutathione-peroxidase; glutathione S-transferase; glutathione reductase; aldehyde dehydrogenase; and adenylpyrophosphatase and Fluotox), hatching (dry biomass, morphological disorders and size), behavioral (swimming speed and path length), teratogenicity (growth), and immobilization (meaning mortality after 5–30 s observation). Long-term chronic tests focus on growth, reproduction and survival or mortality after 7–28 d exposure from larval to adulthood stage. We analyzed each test looking at its endpoint, toxicant and experimental design including replicates, exposure time, number of exposed cysts or organisms and their relative life stage, exposure conditions during hatching and testing (salinity, pH, light intensity, aeration dilution media, and food supply), type of testing chambers, and quality assurance and quality control criteria. Similarities and differences between the identified approaches were highlighted. Results evidenced that hatching 24 h short-term and 14 d long-term mortality are the most promising Artemia spp. protocols that should go forward with international standardization. |
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| Keywords: | Toxicity test methods Hatching Biomarker Behavioral endpoints Immobilization/mortality and survival |
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