Pollination systems in a warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest on Yaku Island |
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Authors: | Takakazu Yumoto |
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Affiliation: | (1) Laboratory for Plant Ecological Studies, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, 606 Kyoto, Japan |
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Abstract: | Animal pollination in a warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest was observed on Yaku-shima Island, south of Kyushu, Japan. Three groups of plants were categorized: canopy-flowering tree species, understory-flowering tree species, and climber and epiphyte species. Each of these formed different pollination systems. The canopy-flowering tree species had shallow, dish-shaped flowers and utilized various types of opportunistic pollinators. Most of the climber and epiphyte species had deep, tube-shaped flowers and specialized pollinators, although some climber species which bloomed in the canopy especially in winter, had opportunistic pollinators. The understory-flowering tree species had large dish- or funnel-shaped flowers and endothermic pollinators able to tolerate the dark and cold conditions under the canopy. The individual trees of canopy-flowering tree species produced large numbers of flowers simultaneously (mass-flowering) and had a well synchronized flowering period. Each canopy-flowering tree species segregated its flowering time from those of the anothers. Climber and epiphyte species and most of the understory-flowering tree species produced small numbers of flowers sequentially (extended flowering) and showed a long flowering period. |
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Keywords: | Animal pollination Canopy-flowering tree species Climber and epiphyte species Understory-flowering tree species Warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest |
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