Pinealectomy or superior cervical ganglionectomy do not alter reproduction in the wolf (Canis lupus)

Twelve wolves (6 male and 6 female) were used to study the role of the pineal in photoperiodic mediation of seasonal reproduction. Eight wolves were pinealectomized (PNX) or sham-pinealectomized (S-PNX) at 5 mo of age, and 4 were superior cervical ganglionectomized (SCGX) at 16 mo of age (2 males and 2 females per treatment). All attained puberty at the species-typical time, during their second breeding season, except 2 SCGX males that did not survive. Reproductive cycles of an additional male that was SCGX as an adult and the PNX and S-PNX wolves, followed for a minimum of 3 yr, did not differ from each other or from those of unoperated colony wolves on measures of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone for males, or of serum estradiol and progesterone for females. Nor was the range of dates for ovulation different for treated vs. untreated females. Surgical transection of the olfactory tracts of 1 male and 1 female PNX wolf, inducing anosmia to control for the possibility of pheromonally synchronized cycles, also failed to alter the seasonality of these reproductive parameters. These results do not conform to the model of pineal mediation of sexual cycles for photoperiod-sensitive species. In spite of evidence for photoperiod influence, the wolf apparently relies on a system other than the pineal for seasonal control of reproduction.