Thrombin plasticity

Thrombin is the final protease generated in the blood coagulation cascade. It has multiple substrates and cofactors, and serves both pro- and anti-coagulant functions. How thrombin activity is directed throughout the evolution of a clot and the role of conformational change in determining thrombin specificity are issues that lie at the heart of the haemostatic balance. Over the last 20 years there have been a great number of studies supporting the idea that thrombin is an allosteric enzyme that can exist in two conformations differing in activity and specificity. However, recent work has shown that thrombin in its unliganded state is inherently flexible in regions that are important for activity. The effect of flexibility on activity is discussed in this review in context of the zymogen-to-protease conformational transition. Understanding thrombin function in terms of ‘plasticity’ provides a new conceptual framework for understanding regulation of enzyme activity in general. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.