Photodynamic therapy: illuminating the road from cell death towards anti-tumour immunity |
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Authors: | Abhishek D Garg Dominika Nowis Jakub Golab Patrizia Agostinis |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;(2) Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha Str., F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;(3) Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department 3, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; |
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Abstract: | Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes the destructive power of reactive oxygen species generated via visible light irradiation
of a photosensitive dye accumulated in the cancerous tissue/cells, to bring about their obliteration. PDT activates multiple
signalling pathways in cancer cells, which could give rise to all three cell death modalities (at least in vitro). Simultaneously,
PDT is capable of eliciting various effects in the tumour microenvironment thereby affecting the tumour-associated/-infiltrating
immune cells and by extension, leading to infiltration of various immune cells (e.g. neutrophils) into the treated site. PDT
is also associated to the activation of different immune phenomena, e.g. acute-phase response, complement cascade and production
of cytokines/chemokines. It has also come to light that, PDT is capable of activating ‘anti-tumour adaptive immunity’ in both
pre-clinical as well as clinical settings. Although the ability of PDT to induce ‘anti-cancer vaccine effect’ is still debatable,
yet it has been shown to be capable of inducing exposure/release of certain damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) like
HSP70. Therefore, it seems that PDT is unique among other approved therapeutic procedures in generating a microenvironment
suitable for development of systemic anti-tumour immunity. Apart from this, recent times have seen the emergence of certain
promising modalities based on PDT like-photoimmunotherapy and PDT-based cancer vaccines. This review mainly discusses the
effects exerted by PDT on cancer cells, immune cells as well as tumour microenvironment in terms of anti-tumour immunity.
The ability of PDT to expose/release DAMPs and the future perspectives of this paradigm have also been discussed. |
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