潜蝇姬小蜂属寄生蜂对潜叶蝇的控害特性及应用

潜蝇姬小蜂属Diglyphus寄生蜂是潜叶蝇类害虫的重要天敌。本文对其种类、 分布、 田间发生和优势度、 优势种的控害特性和生态适应性, 以及优势种的人工繁殖和田间应用等进行总结和展望, 以期为更好地应用该属寄生蜂防控我国潜叶蝇的研究和应用提供指导。迄今已鉴定该属寄生蜂36种, 全为抑性外寄生蜂, 其中针对豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂D. isaea、 贝氏潜蝇姬小蜂D. begini和中带潜蝇姬小蜂D. intermedius的研究较多。雌蜂不仅可通过繁殖型的寄生方式而且还可通过非繁殖型方式（取食寄主和产卵器插入直接杀死）致死寄主。雌蜂偏好寄生大个体寄主和取食相对较小个体的寄主, 且雌蜂对寄主幼虫的偏好具有“寄主大小依赖型性别分配”现象（host-size-dependent sex allocation）。从温度适应范围和控害潜力首推为豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂。优势种的规模饲养技术已经被研发并得到了较广泛的田间应用。未来研究可主要集中于： （1）加强优势种尤其是温度适应范围广或较为耐热的种群或地理品系的研究, 以增加对三叶草斑潜蝇Liriomyza trifolii和美洲斑潜蝇L. sativae的控效; （2）加强雌蜂寄主取食行为特性及其生理机制的研究, 以更高效利用; （3）因地制宜研发规模化饲养技术和释放技术; （4）加强潜蝇姬小蜂同其他潜叶蝇寄生蜂的协同控害及竞争共存机制的研究, 已提升对潜叶蝇的生防控制效果。

Characteristics and application of Diglyphus parasitoids (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae: Eulophinae) in controlling the agromyzid leafminers

 Diglyphus wasps are important bio-control agents for agromyzid leafminer, and have been studied and applied widely all over the world. In view that the agromyzid leafminers on vegetables, especially the invasive species, have rapidly spread and caused serious damage in China, the knowledge on the species, distribution, the occurrence and ecological dominance of this parasitoid in the field, as well as its control characteristics, biological and ecological adaptability, and field application, will provide important guidance for the biocontrol of the agromyzid leafminers. All Diglyphus species are idiobiont ecto-parasitoids, and 36 species have been identified up to now. The dominant species and the species that have been studied extensively include D. isaea, D. begini, D. intermedius, etc. This parasitoid causes the death of host larvae not only by reproductive host-killing by parasitizing but also by non-reproductive host-killing by feeding on or stinging without feeding and oviposition. The females prefer to parasitize the hosts with large size but feed on the host larvae with relatively small size, and the preference of female parasitoids to host larvae shows the host-size-dependent sex allocation behavior. Of the Diglyphus species, D. isaea has the widest temperature adaption and control potential against the agromyzid leafminer. The mass-rearing of the dominant parasitoid has been developed and widely used in the field, showing good control effect. We propose that the future researches on this parasitoid can focus on the following aspects: (1) the researches on the dominant species especially the populations or strains with wide temperature adaption or heat resistance, so as to increase the control effect on Liriomyza trifolii and L. sativae; (2) the researches on the feeding behavior and physiology mechanism of females for more efficient application; (3) the development of the mass-rearing and releasing techniques of this parasitoid according to different regions; (4) the researches on the cooperative control, and the competiveness and coexistence mechanism of this parasitoid with other parasitoids of agromyzid leafminer, so as to enhance the biocontrol effect on the agromyzid leafminer.