Bivalve mollusc viruses

Bivalve molluscs can bioaccumulate, in their tissues, well known viruses that infect humans and higher animals. However, since 1969 there have been reports, based largely on ultrastructural studies, that have indicated there are also viruses which infect these molluscs. Lack of bivalve molluscan cell lines has limited the isolation of these viruses, although some viruses isolated in fish cell lines are claimed to be infective for bivalves. Distinctive morphogenesis and characteristics of iridoviruses have been reported in larval and adult oysters in association with infections of epithelial and haemocytic tissues. Herpes viruses have been reported in the American oyster, Pacific oyster, and European flat oyster from three continents. The herpes viral agent in Pacific oysters has been experimentally transmitted and requires temperatures of 25–26°C for a productive infection and clinical disease. Papova-like viruses, picorna-like, and other small virus-like particles have been reported in several bivalve species. A leukemia-like disease of many bivalve species, collectively termed disseminated neoplasias, is of unconfirmed aetiology, but may be related to retroviral infections. Representatives of the Reoviridae and Birnaviridae have been isolated by using fish cell lines. One definitive study concludes that at least one example is not infective for bivalves while other studies claim molluscan infectivity. Phages have been reported in three pathogenic agents infecting bivalves. Advancement in the field of molluscan virology will require increased application of physical isolation methods, refinement of primary cell culture methods, use of molecular diagnostic tools, and the development of continuous molluscan cell lines.