Biological monitoring,by in vivo XRF measurements,of occupational exposure to lead,cadmium, and mercury |
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Authors: | Staffan Skerfving Jan-Ove Christoffersson Andrejs Schütz Hans Welinder Gunnar Spång Lars Ahlgren Sören Mattsson |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital, S-221 85, Lund, Sweden 2. Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University, Malm? General Hospital, S-21401, Malm?, Sweden 3. Department of Occupational Health, Kapellv?gen 2, S-572 00, Oskarshamn, Sweden 4. Department of Radiation Physics, University of Gothenburg, S-413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract: | In vivo X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques were used for biological monitoring of lead, cadmium, and mercury. Lead accumulates
in bone, the level of which may thus be used for monitoring of exposure. However, there was no close association between lead
levels in bone and exposure time, partly because of differences in exposure patterns and partly, probably, because of variations
in the toxicokinetics of lead. There are at least two separate bone lead compartments. The average over-all half-time is probably
5–10 yr. The finger bone level may be an index of the lead status of the total skeleton. In lead workers, the mobilization
of bone lead causes an “internal” lead exposure and affects the blood lead level considerably. In cadmium workers, in vivo
XRF is a sensitive and risk-free method for assessment of accumulation in kidney cortex, the critical tissue as to toxic effects;
workers displayed increased levels. However, there was no clear association with duration and intensity of exposure, cadmium
levels in urine, or microglobulinuria. Determinations of kidney cadmium may add important information on the state of accumulation
and, thus, risk of kidney damage. Workers exposed to elemental mercury vapor, as well as fishermen exposed to methyl mercury,
had mercury levels in bone below the detection limit of the XRF method. |
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Keywords: | Lead bone X-ray fluorescence toxicokinetics accumulation of half-time interindividual differences cadmium kidney mercury |
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