旅游对鸡形目鸟类巢成功率的影响——基于人工巢试验

旅游快速发展对野生动物的繁衍和种群发展造成的影响不容忽视。鸡形目鸟类大多为地面营巢,易受人为活动的影响。为揭示旅游对鸡形目鸟类巢成功率的影响,于2018年3—5月在河南董寨国家级自然保护区采用地面人工巢进行了两轮模拟试验,分析了试验轮次、巢密度、代表旅游活动强度的客流量和车流量,及植被类型、海拔等栖息地影响因子对人工巢成功率的影响。结果显示:客流量和海拔在繁殖成功巢和失败巢之间均存在不同程度的差异,繁殖成功巢的客流量较大、海拔较小,且在客流量较大、海拔较小的区域中人工巢的表观存活率明显较高。其中客流量是影响巢成功率的主导因素。此外,第二轮试验人工巢表观存活率显著低于第一轮试验,捕食者组成在不同试验轮次上也存在明显的差异,第一轮试验主要是鸟类,第二轮试验则是哺乳动物。白颈鸦、貉和野猪在本研究中是对巢威胁最大的捕食者。结果表明旅游活动可能会影响鸡形目鸟类的繁殖。因此建议在开展旅游活动时应综合考虑该区域所分布的野生动物及优先保护政策,注意控制旅游活动强度,以免对野生动物造成不良影响,并加强栖息地的保护。

Effects of tourism on nest survival rate of Galliformes based on artificial nest experiment

It cannot be ignored that the impact of rapid development of tourism activities on reproduction and population expansion of wild animals. Most Galliformes nest on the ground and are susceptible to human activities. To investigate the impact of tourism activities on the nesting rate of Galliform species, the ground artificial nests were placed in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, Henan Province for simulation test from March to May, 2018. We analyzed whether the experiment rounds, nest density, visitors flow rate, and vehicle flow rate representing the intensity of tourism activities had relationship with the nest survival rate. We also analyzed the influence of habitat factors such as vegetation type and altitude on the artificial nesting rate. We found that there were significant differences in altitude and visitors flow rate between the breeding success nests and failure nests. The breeding success nest were located in low altitude and large visitors flow rate area. The apparent survival rate of artificial nests was significantly higher in areas with high visitors flow rate and low altitude. The influence of visitors flow rate on nest survival rate is a dominant factor. In this study, the apparent survival rate of the artificial nest in the second round experiment was significantly lower than that in the first round experiment. Moreover, the composition of the artificial nest predators also showed significant differences in different test rounds. The first round experiment was mostly birds, and the second round experiment was mammals. Collared crow, raccoon dog, and wild boar were the most threatening predators in this study. The results suggest that the moderate tourism may affect the reproduction of Galliformes. Therefore, it is suggested that the wildlife distributed in this area and priority protection policy should be taken into account in tourism activities. The intensity of tourism activities should be controlled in order to avoid adverse effects on wildlife and strengthen the protection of habitats.