山水林田湖草生态保护修复试点工程布局及技术策略

习近平总书记提出的山水林田湖草生命共同体理念对我国新时代生态保护修复工作具有重要的指导意义，开展山水林田湖草整体保护、系统修复、综合治理是解决我国生态环境问题的重要途径，也是推进生态文明建设的必然要求。2016以来，财政部、原国土资源部、原环境保护部在全国24个省（自治区、直辖市）共安排25个山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点，对现有试点工程布局和技术策略进行全面剖析，能够为全面推进生态保护修复工作提供依据。在介绍山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程概念和主要任务的基础上，揭示试点工程布局特征，总结生态保护修复技术策略，同时探讨试点目前已经取得的效益、工程实施所存在的问题，并提出相关的建议。研究表明，25个试点大多分布于我国生态安全战略格局骨架区域，并且基本都属于国家重点生态功能区，对维护国家生态安全、提升区域生态功能具有重要意义；总结25个试点实施措施可以发现，工程技术策略主要包含了重要生态系统保护修复、生物多样性保护、流域水环境保护治理、污染与退化土地修复治理、矿山生态修复、土地综合整治等内容。试点工程的实施，开始取得生态、社会和经济等多重效益，但也存在工程宏观布局不尽完善、生态系统理念没能贯彻、自然恢复策略有待实施、监测评价管理缺乏科学、区域全面发展尚需提升等问题。未来应从完善国家宏观生态战略格局保障体系、加强区域生态系统状况和恢复力调查评价、优化工程项目实施规模和时序、研究和实践自然恢复标准与技术、开展长期跟踪监测与进行适应性管理等方面构建山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程技术和制度体系。

Distribution and technical strategies of ecological protection and restoration projects for mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands

The General Secretary of the central committee of Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping, proposed the concept of community of shared life composed of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands, which is of important guiding significance to ecological protection and restoration in China during the new era. The overall protection, systematic restoration, and comprehensive management of the community must involve important approaches to solve ecological-environmental problems, as well as inevitable requirements for promoting ecological civilization. Thus, under the organizations of related ministries, a total of 25 ecological protection and restoration pilot projects have been implemented across 24 provinces since 2016. Studies of the distribution and technical strategies of the pilot projects could be helpful for comprehensively promoting ecological protection and restoration. Based on the concepts and main tasks of the current ecological protection and restoration projects, the aim of the present study was to determine the distribution pilot projects and to summarize their technical strategies, as well as their achievements and shortcomings. The pilot projects are mainly distributed along key areas of the ecological security strategic pattern and belong to national key ecological functional areas, with great significance to ensure national ecological security and to promote regional ecological functions in China. Summarizing the engineering measures of the pilot projects revealed that the main technical strategies included the protection and restoration of important ecosystems, the protection of biodiversity, the protection and treatment of watershed water environments, the restoration and treatment of polluted and degraded land, the ecological restoration of mines, and the comprehensive treatment of land. Pilot projects have achieved ecological, social, and economic benefits but can still be improved, for example, by improving project distribution, highlighting integrated and systemic concepts, conducting natural recovery strategies, adopting scientific management strategies for monitoring and evaluation, and integrating the overall development of local economy, society, and ecology. Further research is needed to review the technical and institutional systems of the ecological protection and restoration projects, including the improvement of macro-ecological security strategies, intensification of regional ecosystem surveys and evaluations, optimization of project scale and timing, application of natural recovery standard and technology, and the implementation of long-term ecosystem monitoring and adaptive management.