Binding of 2'(3')-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-adenosine 5'-diphosphate opens the pathway for protons through the chloroplast ATPase complex

The effect of 2'(3')-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-adenosine 5'-diphosphate (TNP-ADP) on photophosphorylation and on the proton conductivity of the thylakoid membrane has been investigated. The results show that TNP-ADP is a potent competitive inhibitor of photophosphorylation (Ki = 1-2 microM). Moreover, in the absence of ADP and Pi, TNP-ADP accelerates basal electron transport of chloroplasts. Addition of ADP, which promotes release of the analogue from CF1, completely reverses this effect of TNP-ADP; likewise Pi alone reverses stimulation of electron transport by TNP-ADP. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide treatment, which is known to close CF0 to H+, completely abolishes the effect of TNP-ADP. The measurements of the alkalization of the medium and the acidification of the thylakoid lumen following single turnover flashes showed that binding of TNP-ADP to CF1 increased membrane permeability for H+. Further results suggest that binding of TNP-ADP to the catalytic site of CF1 opens the CF0-CF1 complex for H+. Since ADP, as well as Pi alone, reverses the effect, it is concluded that TNP-ADP induces a conformation of the CF0-CF1 complex similar to the one triggered by simultaneous binding of ADP plus Pi. This may be achieved by interaction of the TNP residue with the Pi binding site. Thus it seems that the status of the catalytic site(s) in CF1 can be transmitted to the CF0 part to control proton flux through the ATPase complex in an economically reasonable way.