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Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems |
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| Authors: | Elser James J Bracken Matthew E S Cleland Elsa E Gruner Daniel S Harpole W Stanley Hillebrand Helmut Ngai Jacqueline T Seabloom Eric W Shurin Jonathan B Smith Jennifer E |
| Institution: | School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA; National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Botany, University of Cologne, Koln D-50931, Germany; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada; Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA |
| Abstract: | The cycles of the key nutrient elements nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have been massively altered by anthropogenic activities. Thus, it is essential to understand how photosynthetic production across diverse ecosystems is, or is not, limited by N and P. Via a large-scale meta-analysis of experimental enrichments, we show that P limitation is equally strong across these major habitats and that N and P limitation are equivalent within both terrestrial and freshwater systems. Furthermore, simultaneous N and P enrichment produces strongly positive synergistic responses in all three environments. Thus, contrary to some prevailing paradigms, freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems are surprisingly similar in terms of N and P limitation. |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem meta-analysis nitrogen nutrient limitation phosphorus primary production |
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