Lowermost Triassic (Griesbachian) microbial bindstone-cementstone facies, southwest Japan |
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Authors: | Dr Hiroyoshi Sano Dr Koichi Nakashima |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, 812-81 Fukuoka, Japan;(2) Tokuyama Co., Ltd., Mikage-cho, 745 Tokuyama, Yamaguchi, Japan |
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Abstract: | Summary On the basis of the lithostratigraphy and microscopic characters, the paper describes the facies interpretation of the upper
Upper Permian (Changhsingian) and Lower Triassic (Griesbachian to Spathian) carbonates of southwest Japan, with a focus upon
the lowermost Triassic (Griesbachian) microbial bindstone-cementstone. We emphasize the significant sediment-binding and stabilizing
agencies of microbes chiefly of cyanobacteria along with the syndepositional cementation for the carbonate deposition on a
Panthalassan buildup in a period of the Scythian reef gap. Cyanobacteria flourished as postmass extinction disaster forms
in the beginning of the Triassic. The Griesbachian microbial bindstone-cementstone we describe comprises the oldest known
Triassic microbial facies.
Examined were the Changhsingian Mitai Formation and the Triassic Kamura Formation (Griesbachian to Norian) in southwest Japan.
These units consist entirely of carbonates and are reconstructed as relict of a shallowmarine buildup upon a seamount in the
Panthalassa.
The Changhsingian Mitai carbonates (ca. 35 m thick) consist mainly of grainstone and packstone with a small amount of lime-mudstone.
The topmost part is intensely dolomitized. The carbonate succession is characterized by an upward-decrease in number and taxonomic
diversity of shallow-marine skeletal debris and an increase up-section in an amount of peloidal particles. The lower Mitai
rocks are interpreted to have accumulated as skeletal sand in an oxygenated subtidal environment and the upper Mitai carbonates
are considered to have been formed in a quiet intertidal environment where peloidal particles predominantly accumulated. The
facies interpretation suggests the late Changhsingian regression, which led to an increase of an inhospitable condition for
shallow-marine benthic communities and to an intensive dolomitization.
The Kamura Formation (ca. 38 m thick) disconformably rests upon the Mitai Formation with a drastic lithologic change. The
Lower Triassic rocks we focused reach 15.5 m thick and comprise the Griesbachian and Dienerian to Spathian sections.
The lower part (ca. 5.5 m) of the Griesbachian section consists of dark gray carbonaceous limestone composed of thinly layered
triplets of a gastropod-bearing peloidal grainstone layer, a spar-cemented frame of clotted peloids, and a thin-laminated
and occasionally stromatolitic cover of cryptomicrobial micrite in ascending order. The upper two members of a triplet often
form a bindstone-cementstone layer characterized by a low-relief domed structure, or a broad hump. The upper part (ca. 2 m
thick) of the Griesbachian section is composed of oncolitic limestone that contains laminae packed with gastropods. The Dienerian
to Spathian section (ca. 8 m thick) consists of coquinites comprising an explosive flourish and accumulation of pectinacean
bivalves.
We interpret the Griesbachian rocks to have accumulated in a stagnant, ecologically rigorous tidal flat, where microbes, of
possible cyanobacteria, flourished. The flourish of gastropods reflects an intermittent inundation by spring tide into the
peritidal environment. The deposition of gastropods was followed by a dominant cyanobacterial activity that formed a microbial
bindstone-cementstone layer along with the syndepositional cementation in an intertidal zone. The cyanobacterial activity
contributed to the formation of gently undulated, sediment-binding and stabilizing mats. The oncolitic limestone in the upper
part of the Griesbachian section also suggests the cyanobacterial, or algal activity. The Griesbachian microbial-controlled
sedimentation was followed by the mass accumulation of bivalves that most possibly reflects a rapid transgression in Dienerian
time.
All the results permit us to conclude that possible cyanobacteria were the significant rock-forming organisms as post-mass
extinction disaster forms on a panthalassan buildup in the beginning of the Scythian reef gap. The Griesbachian carbonates
here described are similar in having the important microbial control on the sedimentation to the Lower Triassic stromatolitic
and thrombolitic carbonates previously known in the Tethyan platform. |
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Keywords: | Microbial Bindstone-Cementstone Panthalassan Seamount Permo-Triassic Boundary Scythian Reef Gap Southwest Japan Lowermost Triassic (Griesbachian) |
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