Potent cytotoxins produced by a microbial symbiont protect host larvae from predation |
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Authors: | Email author" target="_blank">Nicole?LopanikEmail author Niels?Lindquist Nancy?Targett |
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Institution: | (1) Graduate College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA;(2) Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA;(3) Present address: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA |
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Abstract: | Larvae of the sessile marine invertebrate Bugula neritina (Bryozoa) are protected by an effective chemical defense. From the larvae, we isolated three bryostatin-class macrocyclic polyketides, including the novel bryostatin 20, that deterred feeding by a common planktivorous fish that co-occurs with B. neritina. A unique bacterial symbiont of B. neritina, Endobugula sertula, was hypothesized as the putative source of the bryostatins. We show that: (1) bryostatins are concentrated in B. neritina larvae and protect them against predation by fish; (2) the adults are not defended by bryostatins; and (3) E. sertula produces bryostatins. This study represents the first example from the marine environment of a microbial symbiont producing an anti-predator defense for its host and, in this case, specifically for the host s larval stage, which is exceptionally vulnerable to predators.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at |
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Keywords: | Bryostatins Bugula neritina Chemical defense Endobugula sertula Symbiosis |
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