Comparative analysis of two algicidal bacteria active against the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis

The red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis blooms annually along the eastern Gulf of Mexico, USA, and is often linked to significant economic losses through massive fish kills, shellfish harvest closures, and the potential threat to humans of neurotoxic shellfish poisonings as well as exposure to aerosolized toxin. As part of an effort to enhance the strategies employed to manage and mitigate these events and their adverse effects, several approaches are being investigated for controlling blooms. Previous studies have established the presence of algicidal bacteria lethal to K. brevis in these waters, and we aim to characterize bacterial–algal interactions, evaluate their role as natural regulators of K. brevis blooms, and ultimately assess possible management applications. Herein, the algicidal activity of a newly isolated Cytophaga/Flavobacterium/Bacteroidetes (CFB)-bacterium, strain S03, and a previously described CFB-bacterium, strain 41-DBG2, was evaluated against various harmful algal bloom (HAB) and non-HAB species (23 total), including multiple clones of K. brevis, to evaluate algal target specificity. Strains S03 and 41-DBG2, which employ direct and indirect modes of algicidal lysis, respectively, killed 20% and 40% of the bacteria-containing isolates tested. Interestingly, no bacteria-free algal cultures were resistant to algicidal attack, whereas susceptibility varied occasionally among bacteria-containing isolates of a single algal taxon originating from either the same or different geographic location. The dynamics of K. brevis culture death appeared to differ according to whether the algicidal bacterium did or did not require direct contact with algal cells, with the former most rapidly affecting K. brevis morphology and causing cell lysis. Both bacterial strains promoted the formation of a small number of cyst-like structures in the K. brevis cultures, possibly analogous to temporary cysts formed by other dinoflagellates exposed to certain types of stress. Results were also consistent with earlier work demonstrating that bacterial assemblages from certain cultures can confer resistance to attack by algicidal bacteria, again indicating the complexity and importance of microbial interactions, and the need to consider carefully the potential for using such bacteria in management activities.