Biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in butterflies and moths: Effective incorporation of 2-methylpropanenitrile and 2-methylbutanenitrile into linamarin and lotaustralin by Zygaena and Heliconius species (Lepidoptera) |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Wye College (University of London), Wye, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, England UK;2. Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie der Technischen Universität, D-3300 Braunschweig, F.R.G.;1. Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;2. Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland;3. Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;4. Ethics Research Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland;5. Department of Mathematics and Department of Computational Science, University of Zurich, Switzerland;1. School of Science, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, China;2. Henan Key Laboratory of aeronautical material and application technology, Zhengzhou 450046, China;3. School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China;1. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos e Continentais (PEA)/Nupélia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, Zona 7, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil;2. Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Estrada para Boa Esperança, km 4, 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil;3. Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, Zona 7, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil;4. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Rodovia ERS 135, km 72, n. 200, 99700-970, PO Box 764, Erechim, RS, Brazil;5. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Estrada para Boa Esperança, km 4, 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil;6. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Curitiba, Rua Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado, 5000 – Bloco EC – Bairro Ecoville, 81280-340, Curitiba, PR, Brazil;7. Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Rua Coronel Fco. H. dos Santos, s/n, 81531-990, PO Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | 14C-labelled 2-methylpropanenitrile and 2-methylbutanenitrile were administered to larvae and imagines of Heliconius melpomone and to larvae of Zygaena trifolii and the incorporation into the cyanogenic glucosides, linamarin and lotaustralin, was measured. Both species incorporated the precursors at all stages tested, at a high level of 15–72%, thereby indicating that the nitriles are probale intermediates in the lepidopteran biosynthesis of linamarin and lotaustralin from valine and isoleucine respectively. |
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