Testosterone-mediated sex differences in the face shape during adolescence: subjective impressions and objective features |
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| Authors: | Marečková Klára Weinbrand Zohar Chakravarty M Mallar Lawrence Claire Aleong Rosanne Leonard Gabriel Perron Michel Pike G Bruce Richer Louis Veillette Suzanne Pausova Zdenka Paus Tomáš |
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| Institution: | aRotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M6A 2E1;bSchool of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG72RD, United Kingdom;cMontréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 2B4;dECOBES, Recherche et transfert, Cegep de Jonquière, Jonquière, Québec, Canada, G7X 3W1;eUniversité du Québec a Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Québec, Canada, G7H 2B1;fDepartement des sciences de l'éducation et de psychologie, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada, G7H 2B1;gThe Hospital of Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X8;hCentre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2L 4M1 |
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| Abstract: | Sex identification of a face is essential for social cognition. Still, perceptual cues indicating the sex of a face, and mechanisms underlying their development, remain poorly understood. Previously, our group described objective age- and sex-related differences in faces of healthy male and female adolescents (12–18 years of age), as derived from magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the adolescents' heads. In this study, we presented these adolescent faces to 60 female raters to determine which facial features most reliably predicted subjective sex identification. Identification accuracy correlated highly with specific MRI-derived facial features (e.g. broader forehead, chin, jaw, and nose). Facial features that most reliably cued male identity were associated with plasma levels of testosterone (above and beyond age). Perceptible sex differences in face shape are thus associated with specific facial features whose emergence may be, in part, driven by testosterone. |
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| Keywords: | Face perception Sex perception Craniofacial development Adolescence Testosterone |
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