Response to carbon dioxide by the infective larvae of three species of parasitic nematodes

The response of infective third-stage larvae (L3) of three species of parasitic nematodes, Ancylostoma caninum, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Haemonchus contortus to carbon dioxide (CO(2)) at physiological concentrations was investigated. L3 of the skin-penetrating species, A. caninum and S. stercoralis, were stimulated by CO(2) at the concentration found in human breath (3.3-4%); these larvae responded by crawling actively, but not directionally. Crawling was not stimulated by breath passed through a CO(2)-removing "scrubber" or by "bench air". Both A. caninum and S. stercoralis L3 stopped crawling when exposed to 5% CO(2) for 1 min. L3 of A. caninum became active 9-14 min after exposure to 5% CO(2) ended, but activity resumed more rapidly (10-15 s) if larvae were subsequently exposed to breath or breath through the scrubber. L3 of S. stercoralis resumed crawling 30-35 s after exposure to 5% CO(2), but resumed crawling within a very few seconds when exposed to breath or breath through the scrubber. Thus, while 5% CO(2) was inhibitory, lower concentrations of this gas stimulated L3 of both species. Apparently, exposing immobilized larvae to breath or breath through the scrubber causes the environmental CO(2) concentration to drop to a level that is stimulatory. The L3 of H. contortus ceased crawling and coiled when exposed to human breath or to 1% CO(2), but continued to move within the coil in both cases. The crawling response of the L3 of the two skin-penetrating species, A. caninum and S. stercoralis, to stimulation by CO(2) probably relates to their active host-finding behavior, while the cessation response elicited by CO(2) in H. contortus larvae may relate to the fact that they rely on passive ingestion by a ruminant host.