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Phylogenetic trait conservatism and the evolution of functional trade-offs in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors:Jeff R Powell  Jeri L Parrent  Miranda M Hart  John N Klironomos  Matthias C Rillig  Hafiz Maherali
Institution:1.Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Ökologie der Pflanzen, Altensteinstrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany;2.Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 1A1
Abstract:The diversity of functional and life-history traits of organisms depends on adaptation as well as the legacy of shared ancestry. Although the evolution of traits in macro-organisms is well studied, relatively little is known about character evolution in micro-organisms. Here, we surveyed an ancient and ecologically important group of microbial plant symbionts, the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and tested hypotheses about the evolution of functional and life-history traits. Variation in the extent of root and soil colonization by AM fungi is constrained to a few nodes basal to the most diverse groups within the phylum, with relatively little variation associated with recent divergences. We found no evidence for a trade-off in biomass allocated to root versus soil colonization in three published glasshouse experiments; rather these traits were positively correlated. Partial support was observed for correlated evolution between fungal colonization strategies and functional benefits of the symbiosis to host plants. The evolution of increased soil colonization was positively correlated with total plant biomass and shoot phosphorus content. Although the effect of AM fungi on infection by root pathogens was phylogenetically conserved, there was no evidence for correlated evolution between the extent of AM fungal root colonization and pathogen infection. Variability in colonization strategies evolved early in the diversification of AM fungi, and we propose that these strategies were influenced by functional interactions with host plants, resulting in an evolutionary stasis resembling trait conservatism.
Keywords:arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi  functional traits  symbiosis  phylogenetic trait conservatism
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