Seasonal changes of photosynthetic characteristics of Alpinia oxyphylla growing under Hevea brasiliensis

Aims The development of ecological agriculture by agroforestry models could improve resource utilization. The Hevea brasiliensis-Alpinia oxyphylla agroforestry system is among the largest agroforestry models in rubber plantation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the physiological strategies that allow Alpinia oxyphylla, a perennial herb widespread under-growing the Hevea brasiliensis, to cope successfully with the environmental factors with the seasonal changes of the tropical monsoon climate.