Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE), polyploidy, and micronuclei by plant flavonoids in human lymphocyte cultures. A comparative study of 19 flavonoids

Nineteen naturally occurring flavonoids were studied with regard to their SCE-inducing potency and their capability of inducing polyploidy and micronuclei in human lymphocyte cultures. The cells were treated for a period of 48 h. The flavone C-glycosides, vitexin and orientin, exhibited a moderate SCE-inducing activity, whereas the other compounds displayed only weak effects or were inactive. Polyploidy was induced by procyanidins consisting of 3 or 4 flavanol units and to a lesser extent by flavone, flavonol, and anthocyanidin aglycones. The aglycones as well as the C-glycosides and the O-glycosides, spiraeoside and luteolin-7-glucoside, were more or less active in inducing micronuclei in the lymphocytes. The flavonol O-glycosides, rutin and hyperoside, and the monomeric and dimeric flavanols failed to produce any genotoxic effects. The results are discussed with respect to a possible structure-activity relationship.