Exposure to buffer solution alters tendon hydration and mechanics |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States;2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States;3. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States;1. Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK;2. Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK;3. School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK;4. Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK;1. McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104;2. School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, United States;2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, United States;3. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, United States;1. Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA;2. Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA;3. School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA;4. Flow Cytometry and Microscopy to Omics, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA;5. Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA;6. Department of Women, Children and Family Health Science, University of Illinois College of Nursing, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA;7. Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA;8. Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA |
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| Abstract: | A buffer solution is often used to maintain tissue hydration during mechanical testing. The most commonly used buffer solution is a physiological concentration of phosphate buffered saline (PBS); however, PBS increases the tissue’s water content and decreases its tensile stiffness. In addition, solutes from the buffer can diffuse into the tissue and interact with its structure and mechanics. These bathing solution effects can confound the outcome and interpretation of mechanical tests. Potential bathing solution artifacts, including solute diffusion, and their effect on mechanical properties, are not well understood. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of long-term exposure of rat tail tendon fascicles to several concentrations (0.9–25%) of NaCl, sucrose, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and SPEG (NaCl + PEG) solutions on water content, solute diffusion, and mechanical properties. We found that with an increase in solute concentration the apparent water content decreased for all solution types. Solutes diffused into the tissue for NaCl and sucrose, however, no solute diffusion was observed for PEG or SPEG. The mechanical properties changed for both NaCl solutions, in particular after long-term (8 h) incubation the modulus and equilibrium stress decreased compared to short-term (15 min) for 25% NaCl, and the cross sectional area increased for 0.9% NaCl. However, the mechanical properties were unchanged for both PEG and SPEG except for minor alterations in stress relaxation parameters. This study shows that NaCl and sucrose buffer solutions are not suitable for long-term mechanical tests. We therefore propose using PEG or SPEG as alternative buffer solutions that after long-term incubation can maintain tissue hydration without solute diffusion and produce a consistent mechanical response. |
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| Keywords: | Tendon Tendon mechanics Tension Stress relaxation Buffer solution |
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