Tendon exhibits complex poroelastic behavior at the nanoscale as revealed by high-frequency AFM-based rheology |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States;2. Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States;3. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States;4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States;1. Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany;2. University of Lausanne, Géopolis, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;1. GRANTE - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil;2. LEBm - University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil;3. GMAp - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;1. GRANTE - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil;2. LEBm - University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil;1. School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK;2. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA;3. Material Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA;4. BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA;1. Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States;2. School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK;3. Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO, United States;4. Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St Louis, MO, United States;5. Missouri S&T Global – St. Louis and Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, St. Louis, MO, United States;6. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, St Louis, MO, United States;7. School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK |
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| Abstract: | Tendons transmit load from muscle to bone by utilizing their unique static and viscoelastic tensile properties. These properties are highly dependent on the composition and structure of the tissue matrix, including the collagen I hierarchy, proteoglycans, and water. While the role of matrix constituents in the tensile response has been studied, their role in compression, particularly in matrix pressurization via regulation of fluid flow, is not well understood. Injured or diseased tendons and tendon regions that naturally experience compression are known to have alterations in glycosaminoglycan content, which could modulate fluid flow and ultimately mechanical function. While recent theoretical studies have predicted tendon mechanics using poroelastic theory, no experimental data have directly demonstrated such behavior. In this study, we use high-bandwidth AFM-based rheology to determine the dynamic response of tendons to compressive loading at the nanoscale and to determine the presence of poroelastic behavior. Tendons are found to have significant characteristic dynamic relaxation behavior occurring at both low and high frequencies. Classic poroelastic behavior is observed, although we hypothesize that the full dynamic response is caused by a combination of flow-dependent poroelasticity as well as flow-independent viscoelasticity. Tendons also demonstrate regional dependence in their dynamic response, particularly near the junction of tendon and bone, suggesting that the structural and compositional heterogeneity in tendon may be responsible for regional poroelastic behavior. Overall, these experiments provide the foundation for understanding fluid-flow-dependent poroelastic mechanics of tendon, and the methodology is valuable for assessing changes in tendon matrix compressive behavior at the nanoscale. |
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| Keywords: | Poroelasticity Viscoelasticity Tendon AFM Nanomechanics |
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