Diatom Nitzschia navis-varingica (Bacillariophyceae) and its domoic acid production from the mangrove environments of Malaysia |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia;2. Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia;3. Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Johor Branch, 85000 Segamat, Johor, Malaysia;4. School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan;5. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, P. O. Box 5030, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 9B6, Canada;1. Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India;2. AcSIR-Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India;3. Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India;1. Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway;2. Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway;1. Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia;2. Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia;3. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, PO Box 5030, Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 9B6;1. División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Argentina;2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina;3. Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Ökologishe Chemie, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany |
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| Abstract: | The distribution of the toxic pennate diatom Nitzschia was investigated at four mangrove areas along the coastal brackish waters of Peninsular Malaysia. Eighty-two strains of N. navis-varingica were isolated and established, and their identity confirmed morphologically and molecularly. Frustule morphological characteristics of the strains examined are identical to previously identified N. navis-varingica, but with a sightly higher density of the number of areolae per 1 μm (4–7 areolae). Both LSU and ITS rDNAs phylogenetic trees clustered all strains in the N. navis-varingica clade, with high sequence homogeneity in the LSU rDNA (0–0.3%), while the intraspecific divergences in the ITS2 data set reached up to 7.4%. Domoic acid (DA) and its geometrical isomers, isodomoic A (IA) and isodomoic B (IB), were detected in cultures of N. navis-varingica by FMOC-LC-FLD, and subsequently confirmed by LC–MS/MS, with selected ion monitoring (SIM) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) runs. DA contents ranged between 0.37 and 11.06 pg cell−1. This study demonstrated that the toxigenic euryhaline diatom N. navis-varingica is widely distributed in Malaysian mangrove swamps, suggesting the risk of amnesic shellfish poisoning and the possibility of DA contamination in the mangrove-related fisheries products. |
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| Keywords: | Amnesic shellfish poisoning Brackish water Domoic acid ITS2 LSU rDNA Phylogeny |
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