Seasonality and toxin production of Pyrodinium bahamense in a Red Sea lagoon |
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Affiliation: | 1. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom;2. National Centre for Earth Observation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, PL1 3DH, Plymouth, United Kingdom;3. Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, Devon EX1 3PB, United Kingdom |
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Abstract: | Harmful algal blooms of the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense have caused human and economic losses in the last decades. This study, for the first time, documents a bloom of P. bahamense in the Red Sea. The alga was recurrently present in a semi-enclosed lagoon throughout nearly 2 years of observations. The highest cell densities (104–105 cells L−1) were recorded from September to beginning of December at temperatures and salinities of ∼26–32 °C and ∼41, respectively. The peak of the bloom was recorded mid-November, before a sharp decrease in cell numbers at the end of December. Minimum concentrations in summer were at ∼103 cells L−1. A saxitoxin ELISA immunoassay of cultures and water samples confirmed the toxicity of the strain found in the Red Sea. Moreover, a gene expression analysis of the saxitoxin gene domain SxtA4 showed that transcript production peaked at the culmination of the bloom, suggesting a relation between transcript production, sudden cells increment-decline, and environmental factors. |
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Keywords: | Harmful algae Red Sea Elisa test |
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