Health impacts from cyanobacteria harmful algae blooms: Implications for the North American Great Lakes |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA;2. Department of Chemistry, State University of New York—College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;1. U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA;2. U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA;3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, NHEERL, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Mail Code 4503T, Washington, DC 20460, USA;1. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, United States;2. James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Dr., Harrisonburg, VA 22807, United States;3. Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, 239 Montauk Hwy, Southampton, NY 11968, United States;4. Oregon State University, Department of Microbiology, Nash Hall 226, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States;5. University of Tennessee, Department of Microbiology, 1414 West Cumberland Ave., Knoxville, TN 37996, United States;6. Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, New Zealand and Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand;7. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, United States;1. School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 239 Montauk Hwy, New York 11968, USA;2. Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA;3. NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA;4. Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;5. Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Post Office Box 50, Wageningen 6700 AB, The Netherlands;1. School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;2. Marine Biotoxins Program, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA;3. Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA;4. SMHI Research & Development, Oceanography, Sven Källfelts gata 15, 426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden;5. Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7;6. Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;7. Laboratory of Biological Oceanography, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie-ken 514-8507, Japan;8. Earth Systems Earth Observation, CSIR—NRE Centre for High Performance Computing, 15 Lower Hope Street, Rosebank, Cape Town 7700, South Africa;9. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE405 30 Göteborg, Sweden;10. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;11. Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920-1205, USA;1. Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, 43403, USA;2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA;3. F.T. Stone Laboratory, The Ohio State University, 878 Bayview Ave. P.O. Box 119, Put-In-Bay, OH, 43456, USA;4. Department of Environmental Sciences and Lake Erie Center, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA;5. Ohio Sea Grant College Program, The Ohio State University, 1314 Kinnear Rd., Research Area 100, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA |
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| Abstract: | Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (cHABs) have significant socioeconomic and ecological costs, which impact drinking water, fisheries, agriculture, tourism, real estate, water quality, food web resilience and habitats, and contribute to anoxia and fish kills. Many of these costs are well described, but in fact are largely unmeasured. Worldwide cHABs can produce toxins (cyanotoxins), which cause acute or chronic health effects in mammals (including humans) and other organisms. There are few attempts to characterize the full health-related effects other than acute incidences, which may go unrecorded. At present these are difficult to access and evaluate and may be ascribed to other causes. Such information is fundamental to measure the full costs of cHABs and inform the need for often-costly management and remediation. This paper synthesizes information on cHABs occurrence, toxicology and health effects, and relates this to past and current conditions in the Great Lakes, a major global resource which supplies 84% of the surface water in North America. This geographic region has seen a significant resurgence of cHABs since the 1980s. In particular we focus on Lake Erie, where increased reporting of cHABs has occurred from the early 1990's. We evaluate available information and case reports of cHAB-related illness and death and show that cHABs occur throughout the basin, with reports of animal illness and death, especially dogs and livestock. Lake Erie has consistently experienced cHABs and cyanotoxins in the last decade with probable cases of human illness, while the other Great Lakes show intermittent cHABs and toxins, but no confirmed reports on illness or toxicity. The dominant toxigenic cyanobacterium is the genus Microcystis known to produce microcystins. The presence of other cyanotoxins (anatoxin-a, paralytic shellfish toxins) implicates other toxigenic cyanobacteria such as Anabaena (Dolichospermum) and Lyngbya. |
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| Keywords: | Harmful algal blooms Cyanobacteria Cyanotoxins Drinking/recreational water guidelines Human and animal health |
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