幼穗形成期低温对水稻结实的影响

在长白山北坡开展水稻孕穗关键期低温处理试验,建立低温对空壳率的影响模型,揭示水稻幼穗形成不同时段低温对结实的影响.结果表明: 水稻幼穗形成期低温对空壳率的影响多符合对数函数模型,温度越低,影响系数越大;低温持续时间越长,空壳率越高.水稻结实率对幼穗形成中期(花粉母细胞形成至减数分裂期)低温反应最敏感,前期和后期次之.在幼穗形成期,低温持续 2、3、5 d 处理,期间平均气温每降低 1 ℃,水稻空壳率分别上升0.5、1.7和4.3个百分点;平均最低气温每降低1 ℃,空壳率分别上升0.4、1.8和4.5个百分点;持续2 d低温的影响明显小于3 d以上的.冷积温对空壳率的影响符合二次函数模型,在有害低温范围内,冷积温每增加10 ℃·d,空壳率平均上升8.5个百分点.持续3 d平均气温降至21.6、18.0和15.0 ℃以下,或持续5 d平均气温降至 22.0、20.4和18.5 ℃以下,或冷积温在8、19和26 ℃·d以上,会依次发生轻度、中度和严重的孕穗期障碍型冷害.东北地区水稻孕穗关键时期持续2 d以内的低温天气不会导致中度和严重冷害.

Impact of low temperature in young ear formation stage on rice seed setting.

A low temperature treatment in rice booting key period was executed on the north slope of Changbai Mountains to construct the impact model of low temperature on rice shell rate, and to reveal the effects of low temperature at different stages of rice young panicle on seed setting. The results showed that effects of low temperature in the young ear formation stage on rice shell rate generally followed the logarithmic function, the lower the temperature was, the greater the temperature influence coefficient was, and the longer the low temperature duration was, the higher rice shell rate was. The seed setting rate was most sensitive to low temperature in the middle time of booting stage (the period from formation to meiosis of the pollen mother cell), followed by the early and later stages. During the booting stage, with 1 ℃ decrease of daily temperature under 2-, 3- and 5-day low temperature treatments, the shell rate increased by 0.5, 1.7 and 4.3 percentage, respectively, and with 1 ℃ decrease of daily minimum temperature, the shell rate increased by 0.4,1.8 and 4.5 percentage, respectively. The impact of 2-day low temperature was smaller than that of 3 days or more. The impact of accumulative cold-temperature on the shell rate followed exponential function. In the range of harmful low temperature, rice shell rate increased about 8.5 percentage with the accumulative cold-temperature increasing 10 ℃·d. When the 3 days average temperature dropped to 21.6, 18.0 and 15.0 ℃, or the 5 days average temperature dropped to 22.0, 20.4 and 18.5 ℃, or the accumulative cold-temperature was more than 8, 19, 26 ℃·d, the light, moderate and severe booting stage chilling injury would occur, respectively. In Northeast China, low temperature within 2 d in rice booting stage might not cause moderate and severe chilling injury.