Roles of the mushroom bodies in olfactory learning and photoperiodism in the blow fly Protophormia terraenovae

Mushroom bodies (MBs) in Protophormia terraenovae were ablated by hydroxyurea (HU) treatment to larvae just after hatching in order to examine roles of the MBs in olfactory learning and photoperiodism. In all individuals the structures of the alpha, beta, and gamma lobes, the pedunculi, and the calyces of the MB were not found after HU treatment. The other structures of the brain were not obviously damaged. The volumes of both the antennal lobes and the central complex, however, were smaller in the HU-treated flies than those in the control flies. The HU-treated and non-treated flies were tested for their appetitive olfactory learning ability and photoperiodism. In the olfactory learning paradigm, an odor of methylsalicylate or coumarin was paired with a reward of sucrose. The non-treated flies learned to associate both odors with the reward, but the HU-treated flies did not. In the test for photoperiodism, both the HU-treated and non-treated flies responded to photoperiod. Both groups of flies developed ovaries under long-day conditions but entered diapause under short-day conditions. The results imply that the MBs are indispensable for olfactory learning but not for photoperiodism, and that storage of daily cycles of photoperiodic information occurs by a neural system other than the MBs.