Thermal and EMG Biofeedback Learning in Nonhuman Primates

Four monkeys were found able to learn to raise and lower hand temperature and to reduce muscle tension to low levels using feedback from the target physiological system. The establishment of this model of biofeedback learning in monkeys enables work on mechanisms mediating the modes of biofeedback most used in clinical practice. Results suggest that biofeedback learning does not need to be mediated by the type of human-specific cognitive strategies employed by humans.