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Integrating plant–soil interactions into global carbon cycle models
Authors:Nicholas J Ostle  Pete Smith  Rosie Fisher  F Ian Woodward  Joshua B Fisher  Jo U Smith  David Galbraith  Peter Levy  Patrick Meir  Niall P McNamara  Richard D Bardgett
Institution:Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK;;Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK;;Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;;Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography &the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK;;Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK;;School of Geosciences, Edinburgh University, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK;;and Soil and Ecosystem Ecology Group, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
Abstract:1.  Plant–soil interactions play a central role in the biogeochemical carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and hydrological cycles. In the context of global environmental change, they are important both in modulating the impact of climate change and in regulating the feedback of greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4 and N2O) to the climate system.
2.  Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) represent the most advanced tools available to predict the impacts of global change on terrestrial ecosystem functions and to examine their feedbacks to climate change. The accurate representation of plant–soil interactions in these models is crucial to improving predictions of the effects of climate change on a global scale.
3.  In this paper, we describe the general structure of DGVMs that use plant functional types (PFTs) classifications as a means to integrate plant–soil interactions and illustrate how models have been developed to improve the simulation of: (a) soil carbon dynamics, (b) nitrogen cycling, (c) drought impacts and (d) vegetation dynamics. For each of these, we discuss some recent advances and identify knowledge gaps.
4.  We identify three ongoing challenges, requiring collaboration between the global modelling community and process ecologists. First, the need for a critical evaluation of the representation of plant–soil processes in global models; second, the need to supply and integrate knowledge into global models; third, the testing of global model simulations against large-scale multifactor experiments and data from observatory gradients.
5.   Synthesis . This paper reviews how plant–soil interactions are represented in DGVMs that use PFTs and illustrates some model developments. We also identify areas of ecological understanding and experimentation needed to reduce uncertainty in future carbon coupled climate change predictions.
Keywords:carbon  climate change  DGVM  feedbacks  GCM  models  PFT  plant  soil
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