Adaptation, ecological stability and the evolution of diploid organisms

The possibility of the existence of an organism under different environmental conditions is determined by its ecological stability. This parameter can be expressed as the product of the average life span corresponding species and the probability of an organism's participation in reproduction. If ecological conditions are not substantially altered, regulatory selection provides an increase in fitness of an organism in a certain direction of adaptation. It is supposed that the process of regulatory selection is accompanied by the accumulation of mutations occurring in regulatory genes and mutations in regulatory regions of structural genes which correct the effect of the former mutations. An alteration in ecological stability occurs when the conditions of population existence are changed and is usually accompanied by a decrease in the fitness level earlier achieved. Thus, an increase in organisms' ecological stability is achieved by hybridization between populations of different origin and is accompanied by a decrease in fitness due to outbreeding depression. Under conditions of inbreeding, ecological stability is decreased due to the segregation, in the homozygous state, of recessive alleles of adaptive genes that have not yet reached the stage of evolutionary fixation. Diploidy is a factor allowing organisms to improve their ecological stability in every new generation.