Rate-limiting steps and role of active site Lys443 in the mechanism of carbapenam synthetase

Carbapenam synthetase (hereafter named CPS) catalyzes the formation of the beta-lactam ring in the biosynthetic pathway to (5R)-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylate, the simplest of the carbapenem antibiotics. Kinetic studies showed remarkable tolerance to substrate stereochemistry in the turnover rate but did not distinguish between chemistry and a nonchemical step such as product release or conformational change as being rate-determining. Also, X-ray structural studies and modest sequence homology to beta-lactam synthetase, an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a monocyclic beta-lactam ring in a similar ATP/Mg2+-dependent reaction, implicate K443 as an essential residue for substrate binding and intermediate stabilization. In these experiments, we use pH-rate profiles, deuterium solvent isotope effects, and solvent viscosity measurements to examine the rate-limiting step in this complex overall process of substrate adenylation and intramolecular ring formation. Mutagenesis and chemical rescue demonstrate that K443 is the general acid visible in the pH-rate profile of the wild-type CPS-catalyzed reaction. On the basis of these results, we propose a mechanism in which the rate-limiting step is beta-lactam ring formation coupled to a protein conformational change and underscore the role of K443 throughout the reaction.