动物与红松天然更新关系的研究综述

红松球果成熟后，种子自身不能脱落到达适宜的萌发地，因而无法自身完成天然更新而要依赖动物帮助传播种子。捕食红松种子的动物包括啮齿类、鸟类和一些大型兽类。其中，松鼠、星雅和普通币鸟具有分散贮藏的行为，以前两者为重要。这些动物从球果中取出种子，吃掉一部分后，靠颊囊或舌下囊搬运至贮藏地，将种子埋藏在地被物下准备冬、春食物缺乏时再重新捕食。搬运的距离远达数百米至几公里。分散贮藏的贮点数量很大。每个贮点有一至数粒种子。贮点小生境比较适合红松种子的萌发，因此大量的未被重新发现和捕食的贮点的种子在20个月后可能萌发。虽然动物贮藏的生境适合幼苗的萌发，但是不一定适合幼苗的继续生长。由于动物的捕食和贮藏行为，阔叶红松林内红松种子运转途径在4个层次（树上、地面、地被物下和洞穴）进行，最后只有少数种子萌发为幼苗。幼苗的生长过程同样受到动物的捕食和破坏。由于红松结实的丰欠年度变化，动物种群也随之变动。

Review on the study of relationship between natural regeneration of Korean pine and animals

Korean pine seeds can't escape from the ripe cone and reach the habitat where it can germinate without the help of animals. So the Korean pine should rely on the animals for its natural regeneration. The seeds predators include rodents, birds and some large mammals. Red squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris ), Eurasian nutcrackers ( Nucifraga caryocatactes ) and Nuthatches ( Sitta europaea ) are scatter hoarding species among the predators, while the first two species are important in seeds hoarding. After pulling out the seeds from the cone and eating some seeds, they transport them to the hoarding place with cheek pouch or sublingual pouch, and bury the seeds under forest floor for their future foraging. One or several seeds are put in one cache. Transporting distance may be as far as hundreds meters or several kilometers. Caches microhabitat is good for the seed germination, and many seeds would not be recovered by the hoarders owing to the large number of caches, and may germinate under proper condition in 20 months since being buried. But microhabitat may be not good for the seedlings' continuous growing. The seeds pathway is based on 4 levels (tree, ground, under forest floor and nest) in the virgin broad leaved Korean pine mixed forest due to animals' predation and transportation. Only small part of seeds on forest floor level would germinate. Animals also have an influence on the growth of seedlings. The animal population dynamics would be affected by the seeds output in different years.