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Geographical variation in the early regeneration process of Siebold's Beech (Fagus crenata BLUME) in Japan |
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| Authors: | Homma Kosuke Akashi Nobuhiro Abe Tomoyuki Hasegawa Mikio Harada Kenichi Hirabuki Yoshihiko Irie Kiyoshi Kaji Mikio Miguchi Hideo Mizoguchi Noriyasu Mizunaga Hiromi Nakashizuka Tohru Natume Syunji Niiyama Kaoru Ohkubo Tatsuhiro Sawada Shin-ichi Sugita Hisashi Takatsuki Seiki Yamanaka Norikazu |
| Institution: | (1) Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto Univ., Nishi-machi, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan;(2) Forest Experiment Station, Toyama Forestry and Forest Products Research Center, Tateyama-machi, Toyama, Toyama, 930-1362, Japan;(3) Hyogo University of Education, Shimokume 942-1, Kato-gun, Hyogo, 673-14, Japan;(4) Miyagi University of Education, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845 , Japan;(5) Graduate School of Natural Science, Niigata Univ., Ikarashi 2-8050, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan;(6) The University forest in Chichibu, The University of Tokyo, Hinoda-machi 1-1-49, Chichibu, Saitama, 368, Japan;(7) Niigata Prefectural Forest Experiment Station, Unotoro 2249-5, Asahi-mura, Iwafune-gun, Niigata, 958-0264 , Japan;(8) amo Highschool of Agriculture and Forestry, Hongoh-3, Minokamo-city, Gifu, 505-0027 , Japan;(9) Okayama Prefecture Forest Experiment Station, Uetsuki-Naka 1001, Shouou-cho, Katsuta-gun, Okayama, 709-4335 , Japan;(10) Forest and Forest Product Research Institute, P.O. Box 16, Tsukuba, Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki, 305, Japan;(11) Hokkaido University Forests, Nishi 9-tyome, Kita 9-jyo, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0809, Japan;(12) Forest and Forest Product Research Institute Kyusyu Research Center, Kurokami 4-11-16, Kumamoto, 860, Japan;(13) Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya Univ., Utsunomiya, 321-8505 , Japan;(14) Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki Univ., Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561 , Japan;(15) Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate Univ., Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, 020-8550 , Japan;(16) Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo Univ., Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113, Japan;(17) Kyoto, University Forest, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8224 , Japan |
| Abstract: | The causes and timing of seed death in early regeneration process of Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata Blume) was studied at 15 sites along a snowfall gradient in Japan, in order to clarify why the seedling density of the species has geographic difference remarkably. Seed production did not significantly differ along the snowfall gradient. Pre-dispersal seed mortality by insect damage was higher at sites with light snowfall than at sites with heavy snowfall, but this only seemed to be a minor factor influencing the population. A large proportion of the viable nuts that fall in autumn ware killed in winter before germination. Winter mortality was much higher at sites with thin snow cover than that at sites with thick snow cover, and this factor was strongly correlated with the geographic variation of seedling regeneration probability. There was little seed mortality by winter desiccation. The main factor contributing to the geographic difference seemed to be a seed predation by rodents in winter. Deep snow cover may reduce the success of rodents finding seeds in winter. Thus the observed relationship between snowpack depth and early mortality may be due to an indirect effect through the process of seed predation.p> |
| Keywords: | Fagus crenata Geographic distribution Post-dispersal mortality Pre-dispersal mortality Seedling emergence snowpack |
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