Rhodnius prolixus infected with Trypanosoma rangeli: In vivo and in vitro experiments

Studies were carried out on the activation of the prophenoloxidase (proPO) in adults of Rhodnius prolixus infected by short and long epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma rangeli. The in vitro activation of the proPO cascade using l-DOPA as substrate was very low in the absence of fat body extract, hemolymph, and parasites. On the other hand, a higher PO activity was observed when short, but not long, epimastigotes of T. rangeli were incubated with fresh hemolymph, fat body extract, and l-DOPA. Supernatant from lysed long epimastigotes increased the PO activity at levels identical to those observed with supernatants from lysed short epimastigotes. Similarly, the PO activity of hemolymph obtained from inoculated insects with long epimastigotes of T. rangeli showed a very low activity when incubated with l-DOPA compared to the PO activity of hemolymph taken from insects inoculated with short epimastigotes of T. rangeli. Control insects inoculated with sterile PBS showed no PO activity. These data indicate the presence of (a) factor(s) in the hemolymph as well as in the fat body extract that may be released (or induced) by the presence of short epimastigotes of T. rangeli and which results in the activation of the R. prolixus proPO system. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the development of T. rangeli and its ability to overcome the proPO system, survive, and successfully colonize the hemolymph of R. prolixus.