Genetic analysis of an introduced biological control agent reveals temporal and geographic change,with little evidence of a host mediated shift

The evolution of introduced biological control agents is largely un-explored. Although much is theorized, there is little empirical evidence quantifying the evolutionary dynamics of a biocontrol agent after release into a new environment. In this study we use Diachasmimorpha tryoni, a purposefully introduced biocontrol agent of Ceratitis capitata, to model and quantify spatial, temporal, and host-related evolutionary patterns. This parasitoid has undergone a host shift in its introduced environment, Hawaii, to the gall forming weed biocontrol agent, Eutreta xanthochaeta, an interaction likely mediated by competition for C. capitata with the egg-larval parasitoid Fopius arisanus. To elucidate potential evolutionary patterns we analyzed microsatellites and sequence data extracted from Hawaii and Australian population clusters defined by Structure, in Genepop, Canoco, and IBDWS. Our analysis revealed structuring of Hawaiian D. tryoni populations as defined by significant historic influences related to temporal structure, geographic space, host guild, and augmentative releases. The host-shift parasitoids were not genetically distinct from other Hawaii populations. There were small changes in microsatellite DNA at the population level, but only between Australia and Hawaii populations, not at the host level. These results show that D. tryoni has not undergone host-mediated evolution since introduction to Hawaii, despite the fact that they have expanded their host range in Hawaii to include the gall-forming E. xanthochaeta. To our knowledge this is the first study to quantify genetic differentiation of a biological control agent over geographic space and time using contemporary and museum specimens.