Interaction between entomopathogenic nematodes and entomopathogenic fungi applied to third instar southern masked chafer white grubs,Cyclocephala lurida (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), under laboratory and greenhouse conditions |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;2. Molecular Ecology, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Agroscope Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland;3. Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark;4. Department of Horticulture, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, 5792 Aarslev, Denmark;1. College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, PR China;2. Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai’an, Shandong 271000, PR China;1. Department of Entomology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, New York, USA;2. Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York, USA;1. Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University, 9546 Old Shelby Rd., P.O. Box 656, Conrad, MT 59425, USA;2. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, 1500 N. Central Ave., Sidney, MT 59270, USA;1. Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica;2. Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica |
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| Abstract: | Four entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, Heterorhabditis megidis Poinar, Jackson & Klein, Steinernema feltiae Filipjev and Steinernema riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar & Raulston) were tested for virulence against 3rd instar southern masked chafer white grubs, Cyclocephala lurida Bland. H. bacteriophora and H. megidis, being the most virulent, were selected to evaluate the interaction with an entomopathogenic fungus (EPF), Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin strain GHA or Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin strain F-52, under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Nematodes and fungi were either applied alone or in combination, with nematodes added to fungi at different times. When applied alone, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae did not reduce grub numbers. Under laboratory conditions, additive interactions were found between H. megidis and B. bassiana, and between H. bacteriophora and B. bassiana or M. anisopliae in most combinations against chafer grubs; a few treatments showed synergism or antagonism. The combined effect did not differ significantly for nematode and fungal applications made simultaneously or at different times. Nematode infection and infective juveniles (IJs) production in grub carcasses were not significantly affected by the presence of a fungus. Efficacies of H. bacteriophora and M. anisopliae were affected by temperature, with grub mortality increasing at higher temperatures. Under greenhouse conditions, additive or synergistic interaction was found between H. bacteriophora and B. bassiana or M. anisopliae in different formulations in simultaneous applications or when the nematode was applied 4 weeks after the fungi, except between B. bassiana ES and H. bacteriophora. The impact of H. bacteriophora alone or in combination with M. anisopliae or B. bassiana on 3rd instar C. lurida was comparable to that of an imidacloprid insecticide used as curative applications. More virulent fungal strains or species may be required to achieve a stronger interaction with nematodes in the management of C. lurida. |
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| Keywords: | White grub Entomopathogenic nematode Entomopathogenic fungus Interaction |
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