An overview on the natural enemies of Rhynchophorus palm weevils,with focus on R. ferrugineus |
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| Institution: | 1. Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Research Centre for Agrobiology and Pedology, Cascine del Riccio, via di Lanciola 12/a, 50125 Firenze, Italy;2. Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Romana 17, 50125 Firenze, Italy;3. FAO of the UN, Date Palm Research Centre, PO Box 43, Al-Hassa 31982, Saudi Arabia;4. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Unidad Asociada de Entomología Agrícola UJI-IVIA, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Carretera Montcada-Nàquera km 4.5, E-46113 Montcada, Spain;5. Dipartimento di Gestione dei Sistemi Agroalimentari e Ambientali, Università di Catania, via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy;6. Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari \"A. Moro\", via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy;1. AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;2. Fairfield College, 25 Bankwood Rd, Chartwell, Hamilton 3210, New Zealand;1. School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;2. DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa;1. UR1268 BIA (Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages), INRA, 44300 Nantes, France;2. University of Yaounde I, Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Food Science and Metabolism, PO Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon;3. UNH (Human Nutrition Unit), INRA, Université d’Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;1. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Hofouf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia;2. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt;3. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt;4. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt;1. Washington State University, Department of Entomology, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, 1100 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801, United States;2. Washington State University, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, 263 Johnson Hall, PO Box 646420, Pullman, WA 99164, United States;3. Washington State University, Department of Entomology, 166 FSHN Bldg, PO Box 646382, Pullman, WA 99164, United States;1. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan;2. Entomological Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Rhynchophorus palm weevils are large insects belonging to the family Dryophthoridae. All Rhynchophorus species are polyphagous and have a similar life history but some are major pests because of the serious economic damage they cause, in particular to several species of the family Arecaceae. Here we review the natural enemies of Rhynchophorus species in both their native and introduced regions of the world, to assess the possibility of biological control of this taxon. Moreover, particular attention is paid to the well-studied and harmful species Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, about which more information is available, and to its natural enemies in the Mediterranean region, because the impact of this pest in this recently colonized area is particularly remarkable and also the recent trend in species management is looking for indigenous natural enemies.More than 50 natural enemies have been reported to attack Rhynchophorus species, even if most of them are associated to R. ferrugineus (Olivier), highlighting the lack of information on the other species of the genus. Pros and cons of all the biological control agents are then discussed: among the considered organisms, fungi are noteworthy to be considered for inclusion in integrated pest management programs.Overall, our overview underlines the need to increase knowledge on natural enemies of all the species of the genus Rhynchophorus, to isolate more virulent strains and to determine the optimum conditions for the actions of the biocontrol agents. |
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| Keywords: | Palm weevils Palm pests Natural enemies Biological control |
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